Which ego defense mechanism involves returning to an earlier stage of development?

• A. Rationalization
• B. Regression
• C. Denial
• D. Reaction formation

Answer: (B)

Regression is the defense mechanism that involves retreating to behaviors and ways of coping typical of an earlier, less mature developmental stage. When under stress or anxiety, the ego may temporarily revert to actions seen in childhood—like seeking reassurance through clinginess, temper tantrums, or relying on old, immature habits. This shift reduces immediate anxiety by returning to familiar patterns, even if those patterns aren’t appropriate for the adult situation.

To see how it fits with other defenses: rationalization creates logical-sounding excuses to justify actions, denial refuses to acknowledge reality, and reaction formation substitutes an opposite behavior to hide an unacceptable impulse. Regression specifically centers on a developmental return rather than on justification, dismissal, or opposite-expression of impulses.